Greater pressure or hypertension: symptoms and treatment

Hypertension is a disease associated with a periodic or constant increase in blood pressure (blood pressure).For some people, the increase in pressure is the standard, but this is an exception to the rules, and the indicators mentioned for most people are pathological.

The causes and mechanism of hypertension development

In a healthy person, the pressure is normal of approximately 120/80 mm Hg.Art.At the physiological and chemical level, the increase in pressure is a natural reaction of the body to any danger or stress.In a critical situation, adrenaline is thrown into the blood, the heart begins to work faster, the vessels narrow, the muscles contract and the pressure increases.

Regular stress, experiences, lack of sleep, problems: all this can lead to a chronic increase in pressure.However, doctors also call other causes of hypertension: inheritance, overweight or obesity, thyroid gland disorders, kidneys, magnesium deficiency in the body, taking some medications.

Hypertension pathogenesis is not completely clarified.The hemodynamic base to increase blood pressure is an increase in arterioral tone due to the nerve impulses that come from the central nervous system along the sympathetic pathways.

In addition to the neurogenic mechanism, other mechanisms that increase blood pressure, in particular humoral, can also (sequentially) humoral.

The renal factor associated with acute ischemia is also important.The inclusion of the renal factor contributes to the development of high and stable blood pressure.The well -known role in the complex pathogenetic mechanism of hypertension is performed by the hormones of the cortical layer of the adrenal glands.

Therefore, two groups of factors can be distinguished in the mechanism to increase blood pressure in hypertension: neurogenic, which through the sympathetic nervous system a direct effect on the tone of the arterioles and humoral, associated with the improved secretion of catecholamines and some other biologically active substances that cause a pressing effect.

The hypertension development mechanism is complicated.Many organs and systems are involved in it.The degree of damage to several organs for hypertension can be unequal, therefore, several clinical and anatomical variants of hypertension are distinguished: with a predominant damage in the vessels of the kidneys, the heart and the brain.

Symptoms

Blood pressure is blood pressure, which depends on the constant clashes of the heart that performs its pump function.It gives around 70-90 abbreviations per minute.By measuring blood pressure, we take into account two digits: systolic pressure (at the time of heart muscle contraction) and diastolic pressure (at the time of relaxation).Arterial hypertension is commonly called a pressure increase above 140 by 90, respectively.

With greater pressure, several characteristics are usually observed:

• Headaches, noise in the ears;
• visual disorders;
• dizziness;
• absent of mentality;
• Memory deterioration;
• drowsiness;
• instability of blood pressure;
• nausea;
• shivers;
• Felling of the eyelids, swelling of the face in the morning;
• heartbeat of the heart;
• chills, sweating, pulsation in the head;
• Redness of the face, internal tension, anxiety, irritability;
• decrease in performance;
• Flowing of the limbs, numbness of the fingers;
• Heart pain.

If any of these symptoms are occasionally observed, this is not evidence of greater pressure.But if you notice the chronic presence of signs, consult a doctor.

The most common sign indicating the disease is the headache.The second most important symptom of greater pressure is the problems with visual perception:

• Hanging in the eyes;
• inexplication of objects;
• decrease in peripheral vision;
• blindness episodes;
• fog in front of my eyes;
• Reducing the reaction to light.

Hypertension and hypertension: What is the difference?

Hypertension is a chronic disease with prolonged and persistent high blood pressure, and hypertension is a persistent increase in blood pressure (that is, not a diagnosis, but the condition of the body).In fact, these terms are one and the same, only the first denotes the name of the disease and the second establishes the fact of increasing blood pressure.

Hypertension Hypertension is characterized by current characteristics.While hypertension is an independent disease, arterial hypertension is a symptom of a pathological state, which manifests precisely in a persistent increase in pressure.

Therefore, to say that this is the same, it is only possible in the case of a hypertensive crisis.The crisis itself is characterized by a constant increase in pressure (hypertension) and at the same time occurs due to hypertension.

Stages of hypertension

For doctors for the correct diagnosis, it is necessary to determine the hypertension stage in the patient and make an appropriate record on their medical card.If hypertension is diagnosed in the latest patient, that is, in the second or third stage, the consequences for the patient's body will be more serious than if the treatment of hypertension began in the first stage.However, few patients with hypertension in the initial stage become a doctor or at least regularly measure blood pressure.

The first stage

140-150/90 mm Hg.Art.When blood pressure fluctuates within these limits, the patient is diagnosed with the first grade (light) of hypertension.Hypertonic crises rarely occur, the disease is not less.

The second stage

160-170/100-109 mm Hg.Art.- The second grade (moderate) of hypertension.Hypertonic crises are typical.The narrowing of the retinal arteries, the hypertrophy of the left ventricle is objectively recorded.

The third stage

200-300/129 mm Hg.Art.And up.Dies severe hypertensive crises are often developed (very severe form of hypertension).The harmful effect causes hypertensive encephalopathy, levaventricular deficiency, the development of cerebral vessels, hemorrhoids and optical nerve edema, renal failure, and renal insufficiency.

Why is hypertension dangerous?

Doctors argue that the consequences of hypertension are threatening for life that AIDS, cancer and tuberculosis combined.The insidiosity of this disease is that its symptoms are similar to the signs of excess ordinary work.Therefore, approximately half of the hypertension on your illness will learn too late when it is very difficult to treat it and it is almost impossible to stop the processes of destruction of the body it launched.

The danger of hypertension is that it begins as a violation of the functions of blood pressure regulation, but in the future it leads to many serious organs of internal organs and systems, in particular to cardiovascular ailments.A hypertension, which occurs without medical control, can lead to a heart attack, an increase in the heart and, ultimately, to heart failure.

The consequences of hypertension are especially dangerous for those who have harmful factors with the murderous effect on the body of the increase in blood pressure: smoking, drinking alcohol, unhealthy nutrition, sedentary lifestyle, frequent stress, high level of cholesterol in the body and diabetes.These people increase the risk of heart attack, stroke and renal failure, blindness and several cognitive disorders: memory reduction, intelligence and performance.

Hypertension is a number 1 murderer among all cardiovascular diseases.Mortality for the last 25 years has grown from 98 to 107 people per 100,000 people.This is a remarkable growth.50% of patients are treated quite efficiently, but only 10% reaches the target blood pressure level, that is, below 130 by 80.

What doctor is dedicated to treatment?

With greater pressure, you must go to a specialist.The therapist performs a preliminary examination of the patient, takes the necessary tests and determines which doctor turns further.This characteristic is explained by the fact that the therapist is a specialist in several areas of medicine at the same time.

Having completed a preliminary inspection, the doctor issues a reference for the inspection of other specialists:

• neurologist;
• cardiologist;
• nephrologist;
• Okulista;
• endocrinologist

Diagnosis

The easiest diagnostic method is blood pressure.If there is a stable increase at 140/90 mm Hg.Art.And above, this means that there is hypertension.

The increase in pressure is considered stable during repeated measurements (at least 2-3 times in different days for 4 weeks).

The following diagnostic methods are also used to determine the presence of hypertension:

• Urine analysis for proteins and glucose;
• on hemoglobin or hematocrit;
• Determination of creatinine level or an increase in nitrogen in blood and urine;
• glucose level during hunger;
• electrocardiogram;
• Heart ultrasound, kidneys;
• Consultation of an optometrist with a study of bloody background vessels.

Blood pressure measurement

Blood pressure measurement with a manual tonometer (Korotkov Method):

1. The tonometer sleeve must be at the heart level (half of the chest) at 2 cm above the elbow.A finger must pass between the Nemple and the hand sleeve.The sleeve must cover at least 80% of the shoulder circumference and at least 40% of its length.
2. Place the phonoscope membrane at the pulse point of the shoulder artery.
3. Quickly pump the air to the sleeve with a pear (do not forget to close the valve in advance) so that the air does not return to the higher pressure level, 20 mm Hg.Art.exceeding systolic (according to the disappearance of the pulse).
4. Slowly release the air from a sleeve at a speed of 2 mm Hg.Art.In SEC. The first coup heard corresponds to the value of the upper pressure.The level of tone stops corresponds to the lower pressure.If the tones are very weak, you must raise your hand, fold it and straighten it several times and repeat the measurement.

Blood and urine tests

A general blood test or an urine test for hypertension will not be informative.It is impossible to determine the cause of the disease by such indicators, but they help discover the stage of the disease.

From a general blood analysis, you can learn about the number of forms, as well as evaluate the presence of inflammatory processes in the body.

Evaluation of heart work

There are several methods to evaluate heart work:

1. Physical diagnosis implies the study of heart muscle with the help of a phonoscope.Doctor "listening" to the heart, reveals noise and rhythm disorders.According to the results of the physical diagnosis, ECG is prescribed.
2. ECG (electrocardiogram) is also an evaluation of heart muscle work, only more detailed.Such study allows you to identify possible changes in time and completely analyze the work of the heart for a certain period of time.
3. Dopplerography is an effective ultrasound exam that helps determine the condition of the blood that passes through the vessels.
4. Arteriography is a radiological method that evaluates the condition of arterial walls, reveals atheromatous plates, arteries defects.

Eye Fund Inspection

The eyes, like the heart, are considered an objective organ with hypertension, therefore, as a greater pressure is diagnosed, an eye is examined on the Ifalmologist.As a general rule, with hypertension, in the initial stage, the retinal veins and the narrowing of the artery are expanding.These functional changes are reversible: with the standardization of pressure, blood vessels also return to normal.

In the second stage, organic changes occur, the condition worsens.Microanevrisms appear, hemorrhage can occur.

In the third stage, the condition of the optical nerve changes, acuity and field of vision deteriorate, visual functions are interrupted.

Ultrasound

By ultrasound of the kidneys and adrenal glands, the work of the kidneys is evaluated.Due to the increase in pressure in the organs, nephrons cells die that filter liters of toxins blood daily.In the end, this can lead to renal failure.

An ultrasound of the kidneys helps identify volumetric formations in the adrenal glands, serious renal tissue lesions.An ultrasound of renal arteries is also prescribed.

How to treat hypertension?

Methods that are not fragments:

• decreased body weight to normal;
• Smoking rejection;
• decrease in alcoholic beverages;
• Moderate physical activity (regular walks in fresh air);
• reduction in salt consumption;
• an increase in diet of plant foods rich in calcium, magnesium and potassium;
• Reducing the consumption of animal fats.

Medicinal therapy is prescribed if non -brave methods have no effect, or the patient has risk factors for the development of diabetes, hypertensive crisis, renal damage and coronary atherosclerosis.

Drugs

The drug development for hypertension has been happening for more than a dozen years.But today, the problem of new, more effective and safe media development to reduce and control the pressure is still acute of medicine and pharmacology.

Today there is a greater variety of such medications, but they all differ in the type of exposure, efficiency, indications and contraindications.Its cost plays an important role.Therefore, for each patient, the doctor selects an individual scheme of pharmacological treatment of hypertension, based mainly on the causes of their occurrence:

1. DiureticsThese drugs partially block calcium channels, which have a vasodilatory effect.They are recommended if there are vascular diseases at the same time as hypertension, but the media are contraindicated for people who have undergone a myocardial infarction.
2. ECA inhibitors (angiotenzinzinoprofing enzyme).Reduce the production of an enzyme that stimulates a decrease in the elasticity of blood vessels.They are very effective, well tolerated by patients with hypertension, they favorably affect the cardiovascular system.They are often recommended after a myocardial infarction, as well as with greater pressure at the diabetes bottom.
3. Beta-Adrenoers.Reduce heart rate and reduce your strength.They have a wide range of applications and are recommended for angina pectoralis, tachycardia, after a heart attack, in the context of heart failure.
4. Medications for emergency pressure reduction.This includes Motherwort root extract, Valeriana, Peonia.

Diet

A special product for hypertension is baked potatoes.This product is rich in potassium, the most important trace element that regulates the metabolism of salt from water in the body.

The main nutritional elements for hypertension are potassium, calcium, magnesium.It is these elements that contribute largely to a decrease in blood pressure.

Hypertension diet implies the rejection of fast food products, which are generally overloaded with sodium, and helps increase pressure.In addition, the diet must be saturated with products, also rich in calcium and magnesium:

• Grain: bread, rice, wheat of solid varieties;
• dried and vegetable fruits;
• flesh and poultry of low fat;
• low fat products;
• Nuts and legumes.

Try great caution to fatty foods, as well as sweets.

Doctors claim that compliance with a diet helps maintain pressure within normal limits and, therefore, reduces the risk of stroke by almost 40%, and heart attacks by 30%.

Life

All patients with blood pressure indicators are greater than 120-130 by 80-64 mm Hg.Art.You must urgently change the way of life and urgent nutrition.This is to limit smoking and drink alcohol, proper compilation of a complete diet, physical exercises.

A healthy lifestyle for hypertension, as with any chronic disease, is one of the main factors of effective treatment.Therefore, changes are considered a critical step in the treatment process, as well as the prevention of arterial hypertension.

Popular remedies

Most patients with hypertension take special medications, but can also fight the disease with the help of well -known popular remedies.Consider some effective recipes:

1. Linen seeds.They contain a large amount of fatty acids from the Omega-3 group.They contribute to an increase in the level of lipoproteins of greater density in the blood, which is a prevention of the increase of cholesterol and the formation of atherosclerotic complications in the walls of the blood vessels.The body cannot synthesize this substance, so it is important to make sure it comes with food.In linen seeds, the amount of Omega-3 is 25% of the weight, in addition to being relatively economical and well absorbed.Take 3 tablespoons per day linen per day.
2. Red pine cones tincture.It helps normalize blood pressure and adjust subsequent states.Tincture is prepared like this:
• It gathers raw materials in the summer months, rinse with running water and pour into a liter bottle;
• Pour vodka or alcohol of 40 degrees, then place in a dark place;
• insist 2-3 weeks at room temperature;
• Before starting to take, strain through gauze, duplicate.
• The properly prepared dye must be dark red.Take 3 times a day half an hour before meals in a teaspoon.You can mix with water or tea.
3. Garlic.If you take garlic regularly, this stimulates blood flow in the vessels, avoid the deposition of its degradation walls of oxidative degrees.Revolled close colored garlic properties help prevent blood clots.The constant use of garlic cloves helps reduce blood pressure by 7-8%.


You can also cook garlic infusion:

• Two garlic cloves are finely chopped and pour a glass of boiled water;
• Let it prepare 12 hours;
• In the morning, drink and prepare a new infusion.
• The course is a month.Take a glass twice a day.
4. Lemon with blueberries and honey.Grate the lemon and mix the spoon with a tablespoon of blueberries.Add half a tablespoon of a grind rose rose, a glass of honey and take a tablespoon of the product in the morning and night.
5. Banana.Take 4 tablespoons of crushed banana leaves.Pour a glass of vodka and let the composition prepare for two weeks in a dark place.Strain the mixture and use 30 drops three times a day.

Forecast

The prognosis for hypertension in the sense of absolute recovery is usually unfavorable.Only in the transistor stage is the complete cessation of the subsequent development of the possible disease.However, modern treatment methods allow it to stop the progression of the disease, prevent the development of complications, relieve the condition of patients and maintain their ability to work for a long time.

The forecast for the renal variant of the course is very unfavorable, especially when renal arterilesis develops.The prognosis is worsened by the adhesion of atherosclerosis at any stage of hypertension.

Prevention measures for hypertension

Hypertension prevention is divided into primary and secondary school.Primary prevention needs healthy: those whose pressure still does not exceed normal numbers.The complex of healing measures will then help not only for many years to maintain normal pressure, but also to get rid of excess weight and significantly improve the general well:

• low salt diet;
• limitation of animal fats;
• exercise;
• psychological discharge;
• rejection of bad habits;
• Weight control.

Secondary measures aim to maintain blood pressure within the norm in hypertensive patients, the exclusion of hypertensive crises and the prevention of disease complications.Secondary prevention: the inclusion of psychological training that contribute to moral and emotional discharge, physiotherapy procedures, treatment in sanatoriums, the use of sedatives that improve sleep, the use of traditional medicine (Espino, Peonía, Valeriana, mother of the mother) and the daily control of pressure indicators.

If you pay attention to hypertension in a timely manner and start treating it, you can avoid serious consequences.The problems with pressure are solved not only through drugs, but to a greater extent due to a healthy and correct lifestyle and control of your health.